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Volume 2 Appendix

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

© 1963 1966, 1969 Edition

APPENDIX A

THE ENIGMA OF DYNASTY I AND II OF KISH RESOLVED

The lengths of reigns assigned to the rulers of Dynasties I and II of Kish are clearly not the true lengths of reign. They are all too long. Yet they cannot be explained merely by scribal errors. The figures are intentionally long.

The Babylonian priestly scribes at an early period intentionally lengthened the original figures to make Babylon excessively ancient.

The question is: Can the true lengths of reign still be deduced from the figures now preserved? The answer is Yes!

What the Babylonians did was very clever. To preserve the original figures which they had in their possession -- and yet hide them -- they resorted to a clever mathematical trick.

To understand, let's look at the Sumerian and Babylonian method of numbering. Today we are familiar with the use of decimals -- multiples of ten. But we are generally unfamiliar with the Babylonian use of multiples of sixes and sixties. Samuel Kramer explains it for laymen in 'The Sumerians, Their History, Culture and Character,' p. 92. To express the number 60, for example, the Sumerians used a particular symbol. But to express 600 they used another symbol, not 10 x 60. To express 3,600, they used another symbol, not 6 x 600.

Now what the clever priest-kings did was this: They took for example, a man whose length of reign was 14 years and altered the figures the following way. They multiplied the 4, the first figure to the left of the decimal point by 60. The result was 240. Then they multiplied the 1, the second figure to the left of the decimal point by 600. The result was 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 840. By working back from the expanded figures now preserved, it is possible to determine the real lengths of reigns of the priest-kings of Kish who were elected to the office. The Dynasty, it should be noted, is placed before that of Erech. It indicates that events which led to the establishment of Nimrod's political government in 2254, began two years earlier in a religious revolt that expressed itself in the building of the Tower of Babel in 2256.

Rulers of Dynasty II of Kish -- Priest-KingsLength of Reign from King ListCalculation of True Reign Actual Reign
Su-more than 201, not more than 205 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 =3 yrs. + mos
Dadasigmore than 1785, not more than 17892 x 600 + 9 x 60 =29 yrs.+ mos
Mamagal4200 x 600 + 7 x 60 =7 yrs
Kalbum, son of Mamagal.1320 x 600 + 2 x 60 =2 yrs. + mos
Tuge3600 x 600 + 6 x 60 =6 yrs.
Mennumna1800 x 600 + 3 x 60 =3 yrs.
Lugalmu4200 x 600 + 7 x 60 =7 yrs.
Ibbi-Ea2900 x 600 + 4 x 60 =4 yrs. + mos.

Eight kings are said to have reigned 3792 years; the correct total is given in the Document L1 (see p. 97 of Jacobsen's 'Sumerian King List'). For all other figures, see pp. 328-329 of S. N. Kramer's, 'The Sumerians, their History, Culture and Character.'

Rulers of Dynasty II of KishActual Length of ReignDates of Reign
Su-31809-1806
Dadasig291806-1777
Mamagal71777-1770
Kalbum, son of Mamagal21770-1768
Tuge61768-1762
Mennumna31762-1759
Lugalmu71759-1752
Ibbi-Ea41752-1748

Rulers of Dynasty I of Kish -- Priest-KingsLength of Reign from King ListCalculation of True Reign Actual Reign
Gaur12002 x 600 + 0 x 60 =20 yrs.
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad9601 x 600 + 6 x 60 =16 yrs.
Pala-kinatim9001 x 600 + 5 x 60 =15 yrs.
Nangishlishma and Bahina69601 x 3600 + 5 x 600 + 6 x 60 =156 yrs.
Buanum8401 x 600 + 4 x 60 =14 yrs.
Kalibum9601 x 600 + 6 x 60 =16 yrs.
Galumum8401 x 600 + 4 x 60 =14 yrs.
Zukakip9001 x 600 + 5 x 60 =15 yrs.
Atab6001 x 600 + 0 x 60 =10 yrs.
Mashda8401 x 600 + 4 x 60 =14 yrs.
Arurim, son ofMashda.7201 x 600 + 2 x 60 = .12 yrs
Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven, who MADE FIRM ALL THE LANDS.15602 x 600 + 6 x 60 =26 yrs.
Balih4000 x 600 + 6 x 60 =6 yrs.+ mos.
Enmenunna6601 x 600 + 1 x 60 =11 yrs.
Melan-Kish, son of Enmenunna.9001 x 600 + 5 x 60 =15 yrs.
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna.12002 x 600 + 0 x 60 =20 yrs.
Meszemug, son of Barsalnunna.1400 x 600 + 2 x 60 =2 yrs.+ mos.
Tizkar, son of Meszamug.3050 x 600 + 5 x 60 =5 yrs.+ mos.
Ilku9001 x 600 + 3 x 60 =15 yrs.
Iltasadum12002 x 600 + 0 x 60 =20 yrs.
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the weapons of the land of Elam.9001 x 600 + 5 x 60 =15 yrs.
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi.6251 x 600 + 0 x 60 =10 yrs.+ mos.
'Twenty-three kings reigned years.'24,5106 x 3600 + 4 x 600 + 8 x 60648 yrs. + mos.

Rulers of Dynasty I of Kish -- Priest-KingsActual Length of ReignDates of

Reign

Gaur Reckoned from commencement of building Tower of Babel202256-2236
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad162236-2220
Pala-kinatim152220-2205
Nangishlishma and Bahina1562205-2049
Buanum142049-2035
Kalibum162035-2019
Galumum142019-2005
Zukakip152005-1990
Atab101990-1980
Mashda141980-1966
Arurim, son of Mashda.121966-1954
Etana, the shepherd.261954-1928
Balih, son of Etana.61928-1922
Enmenunna111922-1911
Melan-Kish, son of Enmenunna.151911-1896
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna.201896-1876
Meszamug, son of Barsalnunna.21876-1874
Tizkar, son of Meszamug.51874-1869
Ilku151869-1854
Iltasadum201854-1834
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the weapons of the land of Elam. 151834-1819
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi.101819-1809

APPENDIX B

ETHIOPIAN KING LIST

The following list of rulers is taken from 'In the Country of the Blue Nile' by C. F. Rey, London, 1927 (Appendix A). It is exactly correct in the original archives. The dates are stated in years according to the Gregorian calendar. They begin in September -- hence autumn to autumn reckoning. This list of rulers is as valuable as the Chinese Shoo King.

AGDAZYAN DYNASTY OF THE POSTERITY OF THE KINGDOM OF JOCTAN.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Akbunas Saba I. Saba is the Arabian Abd Shems, son of Jerah (Yarab), the son of Joktan.551978-1923
2. Nakehte Kalnis. Kalnis is Kahlan of Arabian tradition, the son of Abd Shems.401923-1883
3. Kasiyope (queen)191883-1864
4. Sabe I151864-1849
5. Etiyopus I561849-1793
6. Lakndun Nowarari301793-1763
7. Tutimheb201763-I743
8. Herhator I201743-1723
9. Etiyopus II301723-1693
10. Senuka I171693-1676
11. Bonu I81676-1668
12. Mumazes (queen)41668-1664
13. Aruas, daughter of Mumazes.7 months1664
14. Amen Asro I301664-1634
15. Ori (or Aram) II301634-1604
16. Piori I151604-1589
17. Amen Emhat I401589-1549
18. Tsawi151549-1534
19. Aktissanis101534-1524
20. Mandes171524-1507
21. Protawos331507-1474
22. Amoy211474-1453
23. Konsi Hendawi51453-1448
24. Bonu II21448-1446
25. Sebi III (Kefe)151446-1431
26. Djagons201431-1411
27. Senuka II101411-1401
28. Angabo I (Zaka Laarwe)501401-1351
29. Miamur2 days1351
30. Helena (queen)111351-1340
31. Zagdur I401340-1300
32. Her Hator II301300-1270
33. Her Hator (Za Sagado) III11270-1269
34. Akate (Za Sagado) IV201269-1249
35. Titon Satiyo101249-1239
36. Hermantu I5 months1239
37. Amen Emhat II51239-1234
38. Konsab I51234-1229
39. Sannib II51229-1224
40. Sanuka III51224-1219
41. Angabo II401219-1179
42. Amen Astate301179-1149
43. Herhor161149-1133
44. Wiyankihi I91133-1124
45. Pinotsem I171124-1107
46. Pinotsem II411107-1066
47. Massaherta161066-1050
48. Ramenkoperm141050-1036
49. Pinotsem III71036-1029
50. Sabi IV101029-1019
51. Tawasaya Dews131019-1006
52. Makeda311006- 975

The year 975 is the year of death of Hatshepsowe, who is Makeda.

Her daughter married Solomon, Their son, Menelik, was adopted by Makeda as her heir since she had no son of her own. Menelik thus was of the line of Sheba, of Joktan and Peleg -- which explains the racial intermixture of the Ethiopian royalty.

Fifty-two sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia before the advent of Mehelik I.

DYNASTY OF MENELIK I.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Menelik I25975-950
2. Hanyon1950-949
3. Sera I (Tomai). This is Zerah the Ethiopian -- here expressly recorded by name in the history of Abyssinia.26949-923
4. Amen Hotep Zagdur31923-892
5. Aksumay Ramissu20892-872
6. Awseyo Sera II38872-834
7. Tawasya II21834-813
8. Abralyus Wiyankihi II32813-781
9. Aksumay Warada Tsahay23781-758
10. Kashta Hanyon13758-745
11. Sabaka II12745-733
12. Nicauta Kandake (queen)10733-723
13. Tsawi Terhak Warada Nsgash49723-674
14. Erda Amen Awseya, or Urdemane of Assyrian records of Assurbanipal 6674-668
15. Gasiyo Eskikatir--668
16. Nuatmeawn (Tanautamun)4668-664
17. Tomadyon Piyankihi III12664-652
18. Amen Asero16652-636
19. Piyankihi IV, or Awtet34636-602
20. Zaware Nebret Aspurta41602-561
21. Saifay Harsiataw II12561-549
22. Ramhay Nastossanan4549-535
23. Handu Wuha Abra11535-524
24. Safelya Sabakon31524-493
25. Agalbus Sepekos22493-471
26. Psmenit Waradanegash21471-450
27. Awseya Tarakos12450-438
28. Kanaz Psmis, son of Awseya Tarakos13438-425
29. Apras10425-415
30. Kashta Walda Ahuhu20415-395
31. Elalion Taake10395-385
32. Atserk Amen III10385-375
33. Atserk Amen IV10375-365
34. Hadina (queen)10365-355
35. Atserk Amen V10355-345
36. Atserk Amen VI10345-335
37. Nikawla Kandake (queen)10335-325
38. Bassyo7325-318
39. Akawsis Kandake III (queen)10318-308
40. Arkamen II10308-298
41. Awtet Arawura10298-288
42. Kolas II (Kaletro)10288-278
43. Zawre Nebrat16278-262
44. Stiyo14262-248
45. Safay13248-235
46. Nikosis Kandake IV (queen)10235-225
47. Ramhay Arkamen IV10225-215
48. Feliya Hernekhit15215-200
49. Hende Awkerara20200-180
50. Agabu Baseheran10180-170
51. Sulay Kawswmenun20170-150
52. Messelme Kerarmer8150-142
53. Nagey Bsente10142-132
54. Etbenukewer10132-122
55. Safeliya Abramen20122-102
56. Sanay10102- 92
57. Awsena (queen)1192- 81
58. Dawit II1081- 71
59. Aglbul871- 63
60. Bawawl1063- 53
61. Barawas1053- 43
62. Dinedad1043- 33
63. Amoy Mahasse533- 28
64. Nicotnis Kandake V1028- 18
65. Nalke518- 13
66. Luzay1213- 1
67. Bazen17B.C. 1- 17 A.D.
Before Christ 119 sovereigns reigned.

THOSE WHO REIGNED AFTER THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Sartu Tsenfa Assegd2117- 38
2. Akaptah Tsenfa Ared838- 46
3. Horemtaku246- 48
4. Garsemot Kandake VI. JenDaraba, favourite of Queen Garsemot Kandake, crowned by Gabre Hawariat Kandake, had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem according to the law of Orit (the ancient law), and on his return Philip the Apostle taught him the gospel, and after he had made him believe the truth he sent him back.1048- 58
5. Hatoza Bahr Asaged2858- 86
6. Mesenh Germasir786- 93
7. Metwa Germa Asfar993-102
8. Adgale II10102-112
9. Agba1112-113
10. Serada16113-129
11. Malis Alameda4129-133
12. Hakabe Nasohi Tsiyon6133-139
13. Hakli Sergway12139-151
14. Dedme Zaray10151-161
15. Awtet2161-163
16. Alaly Bagamay7163-170
17. Awadu Jan Asagad30170-200
18. Zagun Tsion Hegez5200-205
19. Rema Tsion Geza3205-208
20. Azegan Malbagad7208-215
21. Gafale Seb Asagad1215-216
22. Tsegay Beze Wark4216-220
23. Gaza Agdur9220-229
24. Agduba Asgwegwe8229-237
25. Dawiza1237-238
26. Wakana (queen)2 days238
27. Hadawz4 months238
28. Ailassan Sagal3238-241
29. Asfehi Asfeha14241-255
30. Atsgaba Seifa Arad6255-261
31. Ayba17261-278
32. Tsaham Laknduga9278-287
33. Tsegab10287-297
34. Tazer10297-307
35. Ahywa Sofya (queen)7307-314

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHRISTIAN SOVEREIGNS.

1. Ahywa. Her regnal name was Sofya, and she was the mother of Abreha Atsbeha.
2. Abreha Atsbeha, reigned partly with his mother.26314-340
3. Atsbeha, alone.12340-352
4. Asfeh Dalz7352-359
5. Sahle14359-373
6. Arfed Gebra Maskal4373-377
7. Adhana I (queen)5377-382
8. Riti1382-383
9. Asfeh II1383-384
10. Atsbeha II5384-389
11. Amey15389-404
12. Abreha II7 months404
13. Ilassahl2 months404
14. Elagabaz I2404-406
15. Suhal4406-410
16. Abreha III10410-420
17. Adhana II (queen)6420-426
18. Yoab10426-436
19. Tsaham I2436-438
20. Amey II1438-439
21. Sahle Ahzob2439-441
22. Tsebah Mahana Kristos3441-444
23. Tsaham II2444-446
24. Elagabaz II6446-452
25. Agabi1452-453
26. Lewi2453-455
27. Ameda III3455-458
28. Armah Dawit14458-472
29. Amsi5472-477
30. Salayba9477-486
31. Alameda8486-494
32. Pazena Ezana7494-501

Of the posterity of Sofya and Abreha Atsbeha until the reign of Pazena Ezana thirty-one sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.

DYNASTY OF ATSE (EMPEROR) KALEB UNTIL GEDAJAN.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Kaleb30501-531
2. Za Israel1 month531
3. Gabra Maskal14531-545
4. Kostantinos28545-573
5. Wasan Sagad15573-588
6. Fere Sanay23588-611
7. Advenz20611-631
8. Akala Wedem8631-639
9. Germa Asafar15639-654
10. Zergaz10654-664
11. Dagena Mikael26664-690
12. Bahr Ekla19690-709
13. Gum24709-733
14. Asguagum5733-738
15. Latem16738-754
16. Talatam21754-775
17. Gadagosh13775-788
18. Aizar Eskakatir1/2 day788
19. Dedem5788-793
20, Wededem10793-803
21. Wudme Asfare30803-833
22. Armah5833-838
23. Degennajan19838-857
24. Gedajan1857-858
25. Gudit40858-898
26. Anbase Wedem20898-918
27. Del Naad10918-928

Twenty-seven sovereigns of the posterity of Kaleb

SOVEREIGNS ISSUED FROM ZAGWE.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Mara Takla Haymanot, his regnal name was Zagwe.13928- 941
2. Tatawdem40941- 981
3. Jan Seyum40981-1021
4. Germa Seyum401021-1061
5. Yermrhana Kristos401061-1101
6. Kedus Arbe (Samt)401101-1141
7. Lalibala401141-1181
8. Nacuto Laab401181-1221
9. Yatbarak171221-1238
10. Mayari151238-1253
11. Harbay81253-1261

Of the posterity of Mara Takla Haymanot (whose regnal name was Zagwe) until the reign of Harbay eleven sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.

A JEWISH DYNASTY, WHICH WAS NOT RAISED TO THE THRONE, DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PRECEDING DYNASTY.

1. Mahbara Wedem
2. Agbea Tsyon
3. Tsinfa Arad
4. Nagash Zare
5. Asfeh
6. Yakob
7. Bahr Asagad
8. Edem Asagad

SOVEREIGNS FROM EMPEROR YEKUNO AMLAK, DESCENDED FROM THE ANCIENT REIGNING DYNASTIES.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Yekuno Amlak151261-1276
2. Yasbeo Tseyon91276-1285
3. Tsenfa Arad11285-1286
4. Hesba Asagad11286-1287
5. Kedme Asagad11287-1288
6. Jan Asagad11288-1289
7. Sabea Asagad11289-1290
8. Wedma Ared151290-1305
9. Amda Tseyon301305-1335
10. Saifa Ared281335-1363
11. Wedma Asfare101363-1373
12. Dawit301373-1403
13. Tewodoros41403-1407
14. Yeshak151407-1422
15. Andreyas6 months1422
16. Hesba Nan41422-1426
17. Bedl Nan (6 months with Andreyas & 6 months)11426-1427
18. Amde Tseyon71427-1434
19. Zara Yakob341434-1468
20. Boeda Maryam101468-1478
21. Iskender161478-1494
22. Amda Tseyon11494-1495
23. Naod131495-1508

Of the posterity of Yekuno Amlak up to the reign of Naod 23 sovereigns ruled over Ethiopia.

ELEVATION TO THE THRONE OF ATSE (EMPEROR) LEBNA DENGEL, AND THE INVASION OF ETHIOPIA BY GRAN.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Lebna Dengel321508-1540
2. Galawdewos191540-1559
3. Minas41559-1563

Fifteen years after Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel came to the throne Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years.

THE HOUSE OF GONDAR.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Sartsa Dengel341563-1597
2. Yakob91597-1606
3. Za Dengel11606-1607
4. Susneyos281607-1635
5. Fasil351635-1670
6. Degu-Johannis151670-1685
7. Adyam Sagad Iyasu251685-1710
8. Takla Haymanot21710-1712
9. Tewoflus31712-1715
10. Yostos41715-1719
11. Dawit51719-1724
12. Bakaffa91724-1733
13. Birhan Sagad Iyasu241733-1757
14. Iyoas151757-1772
15. Johannis .5 mos. & 5 dys1772
16. Takla Haymanot81772-1780
17. Solomon21780-1782
18. Takla Giyorgis51782-1787

Of the posterity of Sartsa Dengel up to the reign of King Takla Giyorgis eighteen sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.

SOVEREIGNS OF ABYSSINIA SUBSEQUENT TO THE FOREGOING LIST

From about 1730 up to the advent of Theodore in 1855 these kings exercised no real power. They were murdered, deposed, restored and driven out again, or treated as nonentities by anyone of the great

Rases or semi-independent kings who were strong enough to maintain themselves against their rivals, such as, for example, Ras Mikael Suhul of Tigre (1730-1780), Ras Guksa of Amhara a Galla (1790-1819), and the son (Ras Marye) and grandson (Ras Ali) of the latter.

In 1813, indeed, no less than six nominal 'Kings of Kings of Ethiopia' were all alive, having been successively turned out of office by others.

The names of all these kings (who were actually raised to the throne) are, however, given below in order to maintain continuity, together with the dates (according to our calendar) of their chequered reigns.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Yasus11787-1788
2. Takla Haymanot11788-1789
3. Iskias61789-1795
4. Baeda Maryam21795-1797
5. Junus--1797
6. Adimo21797-1799
7. Egwala Sion191799-1818
8. Joas31818-1821
9 Gigar51821-1826
10. Baeda Maryam III--1826
11. Gigar (again)41826-1830
12. Iyasu IV21830-1832
13. Gabra Kristos--1832
14. Sahala Dengel81832-1840
15. Johannes III11840-1841
16. Sahala Dengel (again) At this time the empire was re-established by Theodore.141841-1855
17. Theodore131855-1868
18. John IV211868-1889
19. Menelik II241889-1913
20. Le; Yasu31913-1916
21. Zauditu, empress, and Tafari Makonnen, regent and heir.141916-1930
22. Haile Selassie I, is the title of Tafari Makonnen after Zauditu's death.

Except for period of Italian annexation (1936 1942)

6

33

1930-1936

1941-1974

For purposes of comparison, it should be remembered that the present Abyssinian autumn-to-autumn calendar is seven or eight years behind ours, according to the period of the year. That is, the Ethiopian date differs by eight years from 1st January to 10th September. It differs by seven years from 11th September to 31st December.

Thus the year which the Abyssinians regard as A.D. 1 is for us September A.D. 8 to September A.D. 9.

This difference is not of course exactly the same all the way back throughout the List of Kings, as revisions of the calendar took place at various dates throughout the period. But it is near enough for general comparison.

TRIBE OF POSTERITY OF ORI OR ARAM

An Aramaic royal line spread into Africa, as well as into Shinar and Syria. In Africa, the sons of Aram through Mash (and perhaps Uz also) migrated into Egypt and Ethiopia, mixing with Israel, Cush and the Egyptians.

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Ori or Aram, son of Shem.602222-2162
2. Gariak I. Mash, son of Aram, settled Charax Spasini (see Josephus).

Greek word Charax is translation of Ethiopian Gariak. This Gariak I would appear to be of the family of Mash. These Arameans spread into Africa, just as Cush, north of God's Land (Palestine) are reported in Syria and Mesopotamia.

662162-2096
3. Gannkam832096-2013
4. Borsa (queen)672013-1946
5. Gariak II601946-1886
6. Djan I801886-1806
7. Djan II601806-1746
8. Senefrou=Snefru. Job was son-in-law of Snefru.201746-1726
9. Zeenabzamin581726-1668
10. Sahlan601668-1608
11. Elaryan801608-1528
12. Nimroud601528-1468
13. Eylouka (queen)451468-1423
14. Saloug301423-1393
15. Kharid721393-1321
16. Hogeb1001321-1221
17. Makaws701221-1151
18. Assa301151-1121
19. Affar501121-1071
20. Milanos621071-1009
21. Soliman Tehagui. Soliman, an elderly man probably in his 90's, died the year in which he received the news of the overthrow of Zerah and the Ethiopians and their allies (937-936).731009- 936
Twenty-one sovereigns of the Tribe of Ori ruled.

THE LINE OF HAM, CUSH AND SABTAH IN NUBIA (THE SUDAN).

RulerLength of ReignDates
1. Kam = Ham. Date of Ham is predated to the autumn preceding overthrow of Babel. The Chinese predated to the winter solstice.782255-2177
2. Kout = Cush. Son of Ham.502177-2127
3. Habassi402127-2087
4. Sebtah302087-2057
5. Elektron302057-2027
6. Neber302027-1997
7. Amen I211997-1976
8. Nehasset Nais (queen)301976-1946
9. Horkam291946-1917
10. Saba II301917-1887
11. Sofard301887-1857
12. Askndou251857-1832
13. Hohey351832-1797
14. Adglag201797-1777
15. Adgala301777-1747
16. Lakniduga251747-1722
17. Manturay351722-1687
18. Rakhu301687-1657
19. Sabe I301657-1627
20. Azagan301627-1597
21. Sousel Atozanis201597-1577
22. Amen II151577-1562
23. Ramenpahte201562-1542
24. Wanuna3 days1542
25. Piori II, father of the Ethiopian whom Moses married when he overthrew Cush in Nubia.

The daughter of Piori betrayed the city and her father in 1527.

151542-1527
Twenty-five sovereigns of the tribe of Kam ruled in the land of Cush.

APPENDIX C

KASHMIR -- CHRONOLOGY FROM THE RAJATARANGINI

The following information is taken from the 'Rajatarangini, a Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir', by Kalhana, translated by A. Stein, 2 volumes, Westminster, 1900.

Kalhana's account of Kashmir is thorough. The history need not be presented here as it can be found in detail in his chronicle. Modern scholars misunderstand Kalhana's method of using whole calendar years.

Of course, Kalhana added months and days to the whole calendar years in those instances where the exact month and day of a ruler's death was known. But, Kalhana did not intend the months and days to be counted, for they were already included in the first calendar year of the succeeding king.

The first native Kashmir dynasty -- the Gonandiya dynasty -- lasted for 1002 years. It was followed by a usurping dynasty for 192 years. The restored Gonandiya dynasty lasted 588 calendar years. Next, the Karkota dynasty ruled 253 years -- ending in 855 A.D. Working backward we discover that Kalhana began the Gonandiya dynasty of Kashmir in 1181 B.C.

This is a significant date since it corresponds to the end of the first Trojan war and the defeat of the Trojan alliance. Prior to 1181 the land of Kashmir had been part of the Indo-Persian, Assyrian and Trojan alliance against the Greeks. Hence, the beginning of this line of rulers indicates a breakup in the alliance. The Indo-Iranian peoples of Kashmir became independent under their own kings.

GONANDIYA DYNASTY.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Gonanda III351181-1146
Vibhisana I531146-1093
Indrajit351093-1058
Ravana301058-1028
Vibhisana II351028- 993
Nara I (Kimnara)40993- 953
Siddha60953- 893
Utpalaksa30893- 863
Hiranyaksa37863- 826
Hiranyakula60826- 766
Vasukula60766- 706
Mihirakula70706- 636
Baka63636- 573
Ksitinanda30573- 543
Vasunanda52543- 491
Nara II60491- 431
Aksa60431- 371
Gopaditya60371- 311
Gokarna57311- 254
Khinkhila-Narendraditya36254- 218
Yudhisthira39218- 179

USURPING DYNASTY.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Pratapaditya I32179- 147
Jalaukas32147- 115
Tunjina I36115- 79
Vijaya879- 71
Jayendra3771- 34
Samdhimati-Aryaraja47B.C. 34- 14 A.D.

RESTORED GONANDIYA DYNASTY.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Meghavahana3414- 48
S'resthasena-Pravarasena I

(Tunjina II)

3048- 78
Hiranya, with Toramana3078- 108
Matrgupta4108- 112
Pravarasena II60112- 172
Yudhisthira II39172- 211
Lahkhana-Narendraditya13211- 224
Ranaditya (Tunjina III)300224- 524
Vikramaditya42524- 566
Baladitya36566- 602

THE KARKOTA DYNASTY.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Durlabhavardhana-Prajnaditya36602- 638
Durlabhaka-Pratapaditya II50638- 688
Candrapida-Vajraditya8688- 696
Tarapida-Udayeditya4696- 700
Muktapida-Lalitaditya36700- 736
Kuvalayspida1736- 737
Vajraditya-Bappiyaka-Lalitaditya7737- 744
Prthivyapida4744- 748
Samgramapida I7 days748
Jajja3748- 751
Jayapida-Vinayaditya31751- 782
Lalitapida12782- 794
Samgramapida II (Prthivyspida)7794- 801
Cippatajayspida-Brhaspati12801- 813
Ajitapida37813- 850
Anangapida3850- 853
Utpalapida2853- 855

THE DYNASTY OF UTPALA.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Avantivarman28855- 883
S'amkaravarman18883- 901
Gopalavarman2901- 903
Samkata10 days903
Sugandha2903- 905
Partha16905- 921
Nirjitavarman (Pangu)1921- 922
Cakravarman11922- 933
S'uravarman I1933- 934
Partha (restored)1934- 935
Cakravarman (restored) --935
S'amkaravardhana1935- 936
Cakravarman1936- 937
Unmattavanti2937- 939
S'uravarman II--939
Yasaskaradeva9939- 948
Varnata1 day948
Samgramadeva--948
Parvagupta2948-950
Ksemagupta8950- 958
Abhimanyu14958- 972
Nandigupta1972- 973
Tribhuvana (gupta)2973- 975
Bhimagupta5975- 980
Didda23980-1003

FIRST LOHARA DYNASTY.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Samgramaraja251003-1028
Hariraja22 days1028
Ananta351028-1063
Kalasa261063-1089
Utkarsa22 days1089
Harsa121089-1101

SECOND LOHARA DYNASTY.

RulerLength of ReignDates
Uccala101101-1111
Radda-S'ankharaja1 day1111
Salhana11111-1112
Sussala81112-1120
Bhiksacara11120-1121
Sussala (restored)71121-1128
Jayasimha (Simhadeva) Jayasimha was still on the throne when Kalhana completed his history in 1150 A. D.221128

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