COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY
VOLUME 2
A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy
by Herman L. Hoeh
© 1963 1966, 1969 Edition
CHAPTER X
THE STORY OF THE PERUVIAN INDIANS
Strange as it may seem, the Peruvian Indians preserved their history back to Babel. Pre-Inca records specifically refer to and date correctly the reigns of Cush, Nimrod and Horus, or Gilgamesh! Every generation of rulers over the children of Tiras are named to the coming of the Incas. Yet today all this has been lost to public knowledge.
MODERN SCHOLARSHIP DISCARDED THE FACTS
Modern scholars have done little to acquaint us with the true history of early Peru. In the early centuries following the Spanish conquest of Peru and neighboring regions, many native records came into the possession of the conquerors. The assumption that the Incas knew only how to tie knots in a string to remind them of the past is absurd.
Granted, the 'quipus' -- or knotted strings -- were used.
The Peruvian Indians also painted records of past events. They had trained priests whose function was to record and repeat the traditions of the past. The fact that the Spanish did recover the history of the Peruvian Indians from the beginning is in itself proof that a great many records were available. No nation which was able to achieve the architectural wonders of the Peruvian highlands would lack the means to preserve its heritage.
The modern view of Peruvian history is that it cannot be established more than a century before the commencement of the Spanish colonial period. Archaeologists have done amazingly well in recovering cultural artifacts buried in the ground, but they have thus far been unwilling to associate what they find with early Peruvian history found in the authentic Indian records by the conquerors. The slightest study of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa's 'History of the Incas' would have confirmed the accuracy of his outline. Archaeology everywhere substantiates the written record wherever it has been carefully preserved.
Sir Clements Markham has contributed heavily toward Inca and Pre-Inca studies by his two books 'The Incas of Peru' and 'History of the Incas.' The former contains the list of kings from the beginning as preserved by Montesinos. It gives just over 100 names out of which nearly 80% have the lengths of reign preserved. Montesinos did not give sufficient information to establish every reign, but the list is so nearly complete that it is not at all difficult to determine contemporary events between Peru and the rest of the world. The latter volume preserves an invaluable outline of the Inca period.
WHAT ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND
Archaeologists are not settled on terminology, but they have described Peruvian remains rather well. The story begins with an Incipient Era of hunting and early agriculture. There follows a
Developmental Era that is usually not well divided. It ought to be expressed in two, rather than three phases -- the Formative and the Cultist -- to use archaeological Jargon. There is great technical progress and a widespread religious cult. A complete break ends the Cultist period.
Thereafter a Florescent Era appears, around 350 B.C., with many new techniques indicative of a dynamic period. In some ways the level of the artistic sense, however, does not advance.
Then comes a Climactic Era, commencing shortly after 500 A.D. It is divided into Expansionist, Urbanist and Imperialist periods. The Expansionist commences with conquest and political and social unification. It breaks down into disruption and decadence. Local autonomy with large centers of population characterize the Urbanist.
The Imperialist is a great military Empire, which was superseded, in 1532, by the Spanish Colonial period.
Archaeologists and historians alike have limited the Inca rule exclusively to the Imperialist and generally date it around 1440. Had they read the Inca history they would have found that the entire Climactic Era, beginning shortly after 500 A.D. belongs to the Incas.
Sarmiento de Gamboa commences Inca rule in 565 A.D. And rightly so. The history of the Inca royal family corresponds in exact detail, period by period, with Expansionist, Urbanist and Imperialist.
One objection often presented to such an extensive Inca period is the unusually long length of life necessitated for the rulers. Several are over a hundred years old. The argument would be valid if it were possible to demonstrate that human beings cannot live that long! But human beings do often live to be well over one hundred years of age.
For example, long after Moses wrote that the life span of man centers about 70 years, individuals are still recorded as living past 120 years. In those days the Peruvian highlands were virgin, and fit for vigorous living. In some instances the length of reign is due to birth of a son in the Inca's old age -- or to a birth of an heir after the death of a predecessor. History, when confirmed by archaeology, should be allowed to speak for itself.
Now to illustrate the history of Peru, from the Tower of Babel to the Spanish Colonial period. Notice that the names of even the earliest rulers appear in the native dialect. Many of the names are titles or epithets.
| Names of Peruvians Beginning at Babel The first 18 are of the Pirua Dynasty. The relationship of one to another is not always stated. | Lengths of Reign | Dates |
| 1 Pirua Pacari Manco (AyarUchu), the Cush of the Bible. | 60 | 2254-2194 |
| 2. Manco Capac I, the Nimrod of Scripture. He built the first city after the flood. (Markham, 'Hist. of the Incas', p. 51) | 30 | 2194-2164 |
| 3. Huanacahui Pirua | 50 | 2164-2114 |
| 4. Sinchi Cozque | 60 | 2114-2054 |
| 5. Inti Capac Yupanqui | 50 | 2054-2004 |
| 6. Manco Capac II, is Horus; note that in Inca records he has same name as Nimrod does in Inca tradition. | 20 | 2004-1984 |
ILLUSTRATION FROM BURMA
The date 2004 is a remarkable parallel for the return to power of Horus in Mesopotamia in 2006. Clearly the ancestors of the Peruvians lived outside Mesopotamia, bordering on the River Tyras. As confirmation of the exactness of Peruvian material, compare the following figures which have been extracted from the earliest history of Burma. Notice the same figure 2004 for Maradzi II. The ancestors of the Burmese Arakan people were at that time also living in the steppes of Russia.
| Early Kings who Ruled Over People who now from Burmese Records live in Arakan, Burma (Stokvls' 'Manuel') | Lengths of Reign | Dates |
| Marayu, is Cush | 62 | 2254-2192 |
| Maradzi I, is Nimrod The name is derived from the Hebrew root 'marad,' to rebel. A Maradzu is a great rebel. | 32 | 2192-2160 |
| Maraonleng | 53 | 2160-2107 |
| Mararwayleng | 48 | 2107-2059 |
| Marabheng | 55 | 2059-2004 |
| Maradzi II, is Horus, etc. | 33 | 2004-1971 |
| Now to continue with the Peruvian Kings. Figures below are approximately the points of reign since the lengths of reign are in some cases lost. |
| 7. Tupac Capac | -- | 1950 |
| 8. Tini Capac Yupanqui | -- | 1900 |
| 9. Titu Capac Yupanqui | -- | 1875 |
| 10. Inti Capac Pirua Amaru | -- | 1850 |
| 11. Capac Sayhua Capac | 60 | 1800 |
| 12. Capac Tinia Yupanqui | 40 | 1750 |
| 13. Ayar Tacko | 25 | 1725 |
| 14. Huascar Titu | 30 | 1700 |
| 15. Quispi Titu | -- | 1675 |
| 16. Titu Yupanqui Patchacutec I | -- | 1650 |
| 17. Titu Capac | 25 | 1625 |
| 18. Paullu Ticac Pirua | 30 | 1600 |
| A new line of kings commences with Amauta. The word signifies a Magian, or priest. |
| 19. Lloque Tesag Amauta, a priest or Magian Is there not a connection here with the Empire of Sargon and his sons in Mesopotamia? They had a vast empire, and on more than one occasion Sargon voyaged across the seas. (See Pritchard's 'Ancient Near Eastern Texts'.) | 50 | 1575 |
| 20. Cayo Manco Amauta I | -- | 1525 |
| 21. Huascar Titu Tupac | 33 | 1500 |
| 22 Manco Capac III Amauta | 50 | 1450 |
| 23 Ticac Pupac | 30 | 1425 |
| 24. Paullu Tutu Capac | 19 | 1400 |
| 25. Cayo Manco Amauta II | 30 | 1375 |
| 26. Marasco Patchacutec | 40 | 1325 |
| 27. Paullu Atauchi Capac | -- | 1300 |
| 28. Lluqui Yupanqui | 14 | 1275 |
| 29. Lluqui Ticac | 8 | 1265 |
| 30. Capac Yupanqui I | 50 | 1225 |
| 31, Tupac Yupanqui I | 18 | 1200 |
| 32. Manco Auqui Tupac Patchacutee | 50 | 1150 |
| 33. Sinchi Apusqui Huarma Huiracocha | 40 | 1120 |
| 34. Auqui Quitu Atauchi | 4 | 1100 |
| 35. Ayay Manco | -- | 1075 |
| 36. Huiracocha Capac | 15 | 1060 |
| 37. Tchinchi Roca Amauta | 20 | 1040 |
| 38. Tupac Amaru Amauta | 25 | 1020 |
| 39. Capac Raymi Amauta This ruler instituted certain festivals in his name. He is parallel with the time of Odin I of Denmark and of Solomon. He was the mainspring behind the development of what archaeologists call the Cultist Era. This Era is illustrative of the contact between Old and New World during certain significant ages. | -- | 1000 |
| 40. IllJa Tupac | 3 | -- -- |
| 41. Tupac Amauta | 3 | 990 |
| 42. Huanacauri I | 4 | -- -- |
| 43. Toca Corca Apu Capac | 45 | 960 |
| 44. Huampar Xayri Tupac I | 32 | 925 |
| 45. Hinac Huillja Amauta Pachacuti | 35 | 900 |
| 46. Capac Yupanqui II Amauta | 35 | 860 |
| 47. Huampar Xayri Tupac II | -- | 830 |
| 48. Cayo Manqui Auqui | 3 | 820 |
| 49. Hinac Huillja | 30 | 800 |
| 50. Inti Capac Amauta | 30 | 760 |
| 51. Ayar Manco Capac | -- | 730 |
| 52. Yahuar Huquiz, gives his name to five intercalary days added to calendar to adjust spring equinox | 30 | 710 |
| 53. Capac Titu Yupanqui | 23 | 680 |
| 54. Tupac Curi I Amauta | 39 | 640 |
| 55. Tupac Curi II | 40 | 600 |
| 56. Huillcanota Amauta | 60 | 540 |
| 57. Tupac Yupanqui II | 43 | 500 |
| 58. Illja Tupac Capac | 4 | -- -- |
| 59. Titu Raymi Cozque | 31 | 460 |
| 60. Huqui Nina Auqui | 43 | 430 |
| 61. Manco Capac IV | 23 | 390 |
| 62. Cayo Manco Capac | 20 | 365 |
| 63. Sinchi Ayar Manco A major invasion occurs in his reign from the Southeast. This begins the true Florescent Era, as labeled by archaeologists. | 7 | 360 |
| 64. Huaman Tacko Amauta | 5 | 355 |
| 65. Titu Yupanqui Pachacuti II | -- | -- |
| 66. Titu Huaman Quitu | -- | 325 |
| 67. Cozque Huaman Titu | -- | -- |
| 68. Cuis Manco | 50 | 275 |
| 69. Huillja Titu | 30 | 240 |
| 70. Xayri Tupac | 40 | 200 |
| 71. Tupac Yupanqui III | 25 | 175 |
| 72. Huayna Tupac I | 37 | 140 |
| 73. Huanacauri II | 10 | 130 |
| 74. Huillja Huaman | 60 | 70 |
| 75. Huaman Capac | 40 | 30 BC |
| 76. Paullu Raymi | 19 | 10 AD |
| 77. Manco Capac V Amauta | -- | 10 |
| 78. Auqui Atau Huillja | 35 | 40 |
| 79. Manco Titu Capac | 32 | 90 |
| 80. Huayna Tupac II | 50 | 140 |
| 81. Tupac Cauri Pachacuti | -- | 170 |
| 82. Arantial | -- | 200 |
| 83. Huari Titu Capac | -- | 225 |
| 84. Huispa Titu Auqui | 18 | 250 |
| 85. Toco Cozque | -- | 270 |
| 86. Ayar Manco | 22 | 290 |
| 87. Cuntur Roca | -- | 320 |
| 88. Amaru From here on a definite sequence of dates is possible. | -- | 340 |
| 89. Sinchi Roca | 41 | 365-406 |
| 90. Illja Toca | 62 | 406-468 |
| 91. Lluqui Yupanqui | 45 | 468-513 |
| 92. Roca Titu | 25 | 513-538 |
| 93. Inti Mayta Capac Pachacuti | 27 | 538-565 |
This concludes the Pre-Inca Era. Notice that when Montesino's account is properly begun at Babel it is in perfect harmony with the time element in the next era.
THE INCA RULERS
The succeeding chart illustrates the story of the great Inca period. It begins in 565. Is it significant that this is the year of a major movement of peripheral peoples out of the British Isles in the days of Gildas? ('Ency. Brit.', art. 'Cave,' in eleventh ed.) The Incas were of a complexion much lighter than their subjects.
The comments in the following section may be verified in J. A. Mason's 'Ancient Civilizations of Peru', p. 110.
| Inca Kings or Until an Heir According Chosen to Sarmiento Beginning of Expansionist Period | Lengths of Reign | Dates |
| 1. Manco Capac | 100 | 565-665 AD |
| 2. Sinchi Roca According to Garcilassan's account this king begins expansion. | 19 | 665-684 |
| 3. Lloqui Yupanqui Extended domain to Lake Titicaca. | 111 | 684-795 |
| 4. Mayta Capac Increases realm to Tiahuanaco and headwaters of coastal rivers. He is the first great conqueror. | 110 | 795-905 |
| 5. Capac Yupanqui Troubles develop toward end of his reign. | 89 | 905-994 |
| The succeeding kings belong to the Urbanist period. |
| 6. Inca Roca Near total collapse at beginning of his reign. He subjugates areas only 20 miles from capital of Cuxco. | 103 | 994-1097 |
| 7. Titu Cuisi Hualpa (Yahuar-huaccac) | 96 | 1097-1193 |
| 8. Viracocha Inca Wars with Chanca, Lupaca and Colla. His own capital besieged. | 101 | 1193-1294 |
| Inca Urcon, dethroned | -- | -- |
| The succeeding Incas belong to the Imperialist period. |
| 9. Inca (Cusi) Yupanqui Pachacuti Begins conquests in the vicinity of Cuzco. | 103 | 1294-1397 |
| 10. Tupac Inca Yupanqui | 67 | 1397-1464 |
| 11 Huayna Capac | 60 | 1464-1524 |
| 12. Huascar Inca | 7 | 1524-1531 |
| 13. Atahuallpa | 2 | 1531-1533 |
| Tupac Huallpa | -- | 1533 |
| 14. Manco Inca, crowned by Pizarro | 11 | 1533-1544 |
| Xayri Tupac | 17 | 1544-1561 |
| Quispe Yupanqui | 8 | 1561-1569 |
| Tupac Amaru | 3 | 1569-1572 |
With this restoration, though partly incomplete, the early history of South America comes into its proper place in World History.
